Quotes and Places: the Malvern’s in Biography and Theory

A collection of notes and reflections by biographers and critics about White Cottage and the Malvern years.

Peeking at White Cottage through the shrubbery.

A collection of notes and reflections by biographers and critics about White Cottage and the Malvern years.

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In Biography …

The period when Hall and Co. operated in the Malvern Wells area is accepted as one foundational to the spiritual and emotional life attributed to the characters, the subjects and the conflicts that anchor Hall’s writing. What follows are an assortment of views biographers take …

Halls partner Una Troubridge produced the first biography. She describes the time at White Cottages as one of domestic bliss.

Una Troubridge (1961) The Life and Death of Radclyffe Hall, p. 42.
Lovatt Dickson (1975) Radclyffe Hall at The Well of Loneliness: A Sapphic Chronicle, p. 128.

Troubridge’s friend Lovatt Dickson recognises Hall’s emotional attachment to the place.

Diana Souhami – famous for her many histories and biographies of lesbian life – speaks of daily life defined by calm and papering routines. And the ‘inspiration’ dear John found in it.

Diana Souhami The Trials of Radclyffe Hall (2014), p. 62

Cultural historian and literary critic Richard Dellamora refers to the place only twice, relying to Sohami’s assessment with tinges of Troubridge – linking the literary development to the location and (nearly) nothing more.

Richard Dellamora (2011) Radclyffe Hall: A Life in the Writing, p. 37-38
Michael Baker, a social historian and screenwriter, emphases the liberatory psychological potential of the place.
Michael Baker Our Three Selves (1985), p. 45-46.
Writing in 1984, Literary biographer Sally Cline views the Malvern years as a site where Hall sought a personal life of her own making and liking, a period with a lack of evidence.
Sally Cline Radclyffe Hall A Woman Called John (1997), p. 43.

Is how she summed it up.

The biographical lens of Malvern, viewed through White Cottage in particular is understood as one formative to an identity that constantly negotiated the private-practice of domestic conventionality, the public practice of landed gentry life, and the psychological negotiation of a world that viewed heterosexual union as a key not only to standing in society – but also to any kind of inner stability and peace. If this were not the case, few biographers would find themselves preoccupied with what the years of White Cottage, with Batten, offered Hall.

In Theory …

The era offers real-life anchors that reflect the complex relationship dynamics between people and place found in much of her literature. Between war, affairs, purchasing-and-selling dramas, a major car accident, problems with the local catholic parish and views of local residents. The life lived in and around the Malvern Hills has resonance with that at Morton in The Well of Loneliness.

For cultural critics and literary analysists the view Morton bares resemblance to the view biographers take of the Malvern years: a powerful symbol of tradition, Heteronormative stability, lesiure and class entitlement.

It’s hard not to think the time here launched the possibility of Stephen Gordon to exist at all – a character to ‘make sense’ of the conflicting realities the time there brought up.

Michael Baker – Our Three Selves
On the connection to Morton: “Morton Hall… is such an important influence in Stephen’s early life that she treats it as almost a living friend. She talks to the house, confides in it, feels its ‘moods’, and misses it when she is away”.
On Morton’s symbolic value: “Morton represents abiding values and comforting certainties in a changing, bewildering world”
On Stephen’s personality at Morton: “Stephen Gordon is a heroine who, like her predecessors, is highly sensitive, deeply moral, abnormally protective, painfully lonely, and resolutely self-sacrificing”.
 
Heather Love – “Spoiled Identity”: Stephen Gordon’s Loneliness and the Difficulties of Queer History
On Morton as an institution of power: “For Stephen, Morton signifies public acceptance and recognizability guaranteed by the institutions of property, inheritance, and social hierarchy”. “It also offers an intimate space in which the orderly domestic relations that such publicness presumes can flourish”.
On Morton as a moral and historical anchor: “Morton remains the sign of absolute value, the privileged site of continuity, human connection, and moral rectitude”. “Its brick-and-mortar impassivity exists in an endless narrative present; it seems to watch over the rest of the novel”.
On Stephen’s athleticism and pride: “Though Stephen is not a purely desperate or lonely character—she experiences happiness, pride, joy, desire, and interest—she never approaches the tranquil self-respect that Morton projects”. “This deprivation is not without its pleasures: the novel is filled with descriptions of the voluptuous pride that Stephen takes in her appearance, her strength, and her abilities”.
 
Loralee MacPike – A Geography of Radclyffe Hall’s Lesbian Country
On Morton shaping Stephen’s class identity: “Stephen’s sense of herself as an entitled human being is established through her love for Morton, the ancestral family home, within whose class-determined bounds she comes to know and value her difference from others”.
On Morton as cradle: “At Morton she develops into her sexual self; its green mounded hills are the mother-body she comes to love, the geographical representation of the mother she longs to possess and the self which will surrender to and be possessed by the mother/lover”.
On Stephen’s misguided belief that Morton can legitimize her sexuality: “Stephen naively shows her reliance on place to consolidate conflicting meanings, to resolve reality”. “Yet she cannot bring herself to dispossess Anna, a fact whose bitter realization prevents her from even trying to bring Mary ‘home’…”,.
 
Gillian Whitlock – “Everything Is out of Place”: Radclyffe Hall and the Lesbian Literary Tradition
On Morton as a patriarchal structure: “Stephen’s home, the country seat of Morton, is quintessentially English”. “As the lynchpin of a hierarchical, patriarchal order it is ‘well-timbered, well-cottaged, well-fenced and well-watered'”.
On the gendered spaces within Morton: “Two strongly gender-determined kinds of identification with the natural world around Morton are presented; both house and surroundings are compartmentalized in terms of gender”,. “The ‘perfect proportions’ of the mother’s drawing room and her absorption, emotional and intuitive, in the natural world contrast with the ‘menacing, prophetic’ domain of the father’s study…”.

Zine Sources

The “perfectly darling big cottage” letter & daily routines — Cline 1997, p. 81; Souhami 2014, pp. 51–52

Cottage origins & ‘The Shrubbery’ name — Baker 1985, p. 41; 1910 Finance Act, Parcel 461; 1911 Census, RG14 piece 17648, schedule 232

Entrances & layout — Radclyffe-Hall and Lady Troubridge 1919, pp. 366–368

Veranda — Troubridge 1961, p. 53

Car crash — Cline 1997, p. 97; Souhami 2014, pp. 60–61

Citations

1910 Finance Act Field Book, Parcel 461. Inland Revenue Valuation Office. National Archives, Kew, IR 58/93518.

1911 Census of England and Wales, RG14 piece 17648, schedule 232. The National Archives, Kew.

Baker, Michael. Our Three Selves: The Life of Radclyffe Hall. William Morrow & Company, 1985.

Cline, Sally. Radclyffe Hall: A Woman Called John. London: John Murray, 1997.

Dellamora, Richard. Radclyffe Hall: A Life in the Writing. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

Love, Heather. “‘Spoiled Identity’: Stephen Gordon’s Loneliness and the Difficulties of Queer History.” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 7, no. 4 (2001): 487–519.

MacPike, Loralee. “A Geography of Radclyffe Hall’s Lesbian Country.” Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques 20, no. 2 (1994): 217–42.

Radclyffe-Hall, Marguerite, and Lady Una Troubridge. “On a Series of Sittings with Mrs. Osborne Leonard.” Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 29 (1919): 339–543.

Souhami, Diana. The Trials of Radclyffe Hall. London: Quercus, 2014.

Troubridge, Lady Una. The Life and Death of Radclyffe Hall. London: Hammond Hammond, 1961.

Whitlock, Gillian. “‘Everything Is out of Place’: Radclyffe Hall and the Lesbian Literary Tradition.” Feminist Studies 13, no. 3 (1987): 555–82.

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